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Optimal placement of wind turbines within a wind farm considering multi-directional wind speed using

A.S.O. OGUNJUYIGBE, T.R. AYODELE, O.D. BAMGBOJE

《能源前沿（英文）》 2021年第15卷第1期页码 240-255 doi: 10.1007/s11708-018-0514-x

摘要： Most wind turbines within wind farms are set up to face a pre-determined wind direction. However, wind directions are intermittent in nature, leading to less electricity production capacity. This paper proposes an algorithm to solve the wind farm layout optimization problem considering multi-angular (MA) wind direction with the aim of maximizing the total power generated on wind farms and minimizing the cost of installation. A two-stage genetic algorithm (GA) equipped with complementary sampling and uniform crossover is used to evolve a MA layout that will yield optimal output regardless of the wind direction. In the first stage, the optimal wind turbine layouts for 8 different major wind directions were determined while the second stage allows each of the previously determined layouts to compete and inter-breed so as to evolve an optimal MA wind farm layout. The proposed MA wind farm layout is thereafter compared to other layouts whose turbines have focused site specific wind turbine orientation. The results reveal that the proposed wind farm layout improves wind power production capacity with minimum cost of installation compared to the layouts with site specific wind turbine layouts. This paper will find application at the planning stage of wind farm.

关键词： optimal placement wind turbines wind direction genetic algorithm wake effect

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Solving multi-objective optimal power flow problem considering wind-STATCOM using differential evolution

Belkacem MAHDAD, K. SRAIRI

《能源前沿（英文）》 2013年第7卷第1期页码 75-89 doi: 10.1007/s11708-012-0222-x

摘要： In this paper, a simple strategy based differential evolution was proposed for solving the problem of multi-objective environmental optimal power flow considering a hybrid model (Wind-Shunt-FACTS). The DE algorithm optimized simultaneously a combined vector control based active power of wind sources and reactive power of multi STATCOM exchanged with the electrical power system to minimize fuel cost and emissions. The proposed strategy was examined and applied to the standard IEEE 30-bus with smooth cost function to solve the problem of security environmental economic dispatch considering multi distributed hybrid model based wind and STATCOM controllers. In addition, the proposed approach was validated on a large practical electrical power system 40 generating units considering valve point effect. Simulation results demonstrate that choosing the installation of multi type of FACTS devices in coordination with many distributed wind sources is a vital research area.

关键词： differential evolution multi-objective function optimal power flow economic dispatch valve point effect environment wind source STATCOM

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Effect of friction coefficients on the dynamic response of gear systems

Lingli JIANG, Zhenyong DENG, Fengshou GU, Andrew D. BALL, Xuejun LI

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2017年第12卷第3期页码 397-405 doi: 10.1007/s11465-017-0415-4

摘要：

The inevitable deterioration of the lubrication conditions in a gearbox in service can change the tribological properties of the meshing teeth. In turn, such changes can significantly affect the dynamic responses and running status of gear systems. This paper investigates such an effect by utilizing virtual prototype technology to model and simulate the dynamics of a wind turbine gearbox system. The change in the lubrication conditions is modeled by the changes in the friction coefficients, thereby indicating that poor lubrication causes not only increased frictional losses but also significant changes in the dynamic responses. These results are further demonstrated by the mean and root mean square values calculated by the simulated responses under different friction coefficients. In addition, the spectrum exhibits significant changes in the first, second, and third harmonics of the meshing components. The findings and simulation method of this study provide theoretical bases for the development of accurate diagnostic techniques.

关键词： dynamic response friction coefficient wind loads wind turbine gearbox

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终南山公路隧道非机械式通风效果研究

郑晅,郭佳奇

《中国工程科学》 2010年第12卷第3期页码 39-44

摘要：

秦岭终南山特长公路隧道规模庞大，通风系统复杂，为了合理确定通风配置，节约通风费用，评估自然风和交通活塞风等非机械式通风方式的通风效果就显得非常重要。课题组现场监测了终南山特长公路隧道内的自然风速、交通量及自然风压和交通风压共同作用下的风速，收集了大量数据。通过对监测数据的处理、分析得出，较大自然风速出现在10∶00—14∶00这个时间段，最大自然风速达到2.576 m/s；隧道东、西线交通量出现高峰期的时间段基本恒定；隧道东线内自然风压和交通风压共同作用下的风速较大的时间段基本上与交通量高峰期时间段相吻合，而西线这两个时间段吻合性较差，洞内风速变化相对平缓。考虑洞口外风向频率、风向、洞口实测温度等参数的自然风速计算方法计算值与实测自然风速较接近。隧道内自然风压和交通风压联合作用下的风速计算值虽小于现场实测值，但较接近实测值。

关键词：隧道通风现场监测非机械式通风自然风交通活塞风

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Assessment of bridge expansion joints using long-term displacement measurement under changing environmental conditions

Youliang DING, Aiqun LI

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2011年第5卷第3期页码 374-380 doi: 10.1007/s11709-011-0122-x

摘要： This paper addresses the problem of condition assessment of bridge expansion joints using long-term measurement data under changing environmental conditions. The effects of temperature, traffic loading and wind on the expansion joint displacements are analyzed and interpreted, which reveal that measured displacements are observed to increase with an increase in temperature and to decrease with increased traffic loading, while the correlation between displacement and wind speed is very weak. Two regression models are developed to simulate the varying displacements under the changes in temperature and traffic loadings. Based on these models, the effects of the environmental conditions are removed to obtain the normalized displacement. Statistical process control using mean value control charts is further used to detect damage to the bridge expansion joints. The results reveal that the proposed method had a good capability for detecting the damage-induced 1.0% variances of the annual changes in the expansion joint displacements.

关键词： structural health monitoring displacement expansion joint temperature effect wind effect traffic loading statistical process control suspension bridge

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Distribution of background equivalent static wind load on high-rise buildings

Jianguo ZHANG , Ming GU ,

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2009年第3卷第3期页码 241-248 doi: 10.1007/s11709-009-0036-z

摘要： In this paper, the along-wind and cross-wind fluctuating load distributions along the height of high-rise buildings and their correlations are obtained through simultaneous pressure measurements in a wind tunnel. Some typical methods proposed in some relative literatures, i.e., load-response correlation (LRC), and quasi-mean load (QML) and gust load envelope (GLE) methods, are verified in terms of their accuracy in describing the background equivalent static wind load distribution on high-rise buildings. Based on the results, formulae of the distribution of background equivalent static load on high-rise buildings with typical shapes are put forward. It is shown that these formulae are of high accuracy and practical use.

关键词： high-rise buildings along-wind cross-wind background equivalent static wind load close formulae

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Review of aeroelasticity for wind turbine: Current status, research focus and future perspectives

Pinting ZHANG, Shuhong HUANG

《能源前沿（英文）》 2011年第5卷第4期页码 419-434 doi: 10.1007/s11708-011-0166-6

摘要： Aeroelasticity has become a critical issue for Multi-Megawatt wind turbine due to the longer and more flexible blade. In this paper, the development of aeroelasticity and aeroelastic codes for wind turbine is reviewed and the aeroelastic models for wind turbine blade are described, based on which, the current research focuses for large scale wind turbine are discussed, including instability problems for onshore and offshore wind turbines, effects of complex inflow, nonlinear effects of large blade deflection, smart structure technologies, and aerohydroelasticity. Finally, the future development of aeroelastic code for large scale wind turbine: aeroservoelasticity and smart rotor control; nonlinear aeroelasticity due to large blade deflection; full-scale 3D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) solution for dynamics; and aerohydroelasticity are presented.

关键词： wind turbine aeroelasticity aeroelastic code

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Power fluctuation and power loss of wind turbines due to wind shear and tower shadow

Binrong WEN, Sha WEI, Kexiang WEI, Wenxian YANG, Zhike PENG, Fulei CHU

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2017年第12卷第3期页码 321-332 doi: 10.1007/s11465-017-0434-1

摘要：

The magnitude and stability of power output are two key indices of wind turbines. This study investigates the effects of wind shear and tower shadow on power output in terms of power fluctuation and power loss to estimate the capacity and quality of the power generated by a wind turbine. First, wind speed models, particularly the wind shear model and the tower shadow model, are described in detail. The widely accepted tower shadow model is modified in view of the cone-shaped towers of modern large-scale wind turbines. Power fluctuation and power loss due to wind shear and tower shadow are analyzed by performing theoretical calculations and case analysis within the framework of a modified version of blade element momentum theory. Results indicate that power fluctuation is mainly caused by tower shadow, whereas power loss is primarily induced by wind shear. Under steady wind conditions, power loss can be divided into wind farm loss and rotor loss. Wind farm loss is constant at 3α(3α−1)R²/(8H²). By contrast, rotor loss is strongly influenced by the wind turbine control strategies and wind speed. That is, when the wind speed is measured in a region where a variable-speed controller works, the rotor loss stabilizes around zero, but when the wind speed is measured in a region where the blade pitch controller works, the rotor loss increases as the wind speed intensifies. The results of this study can serve as a reference for accurate power estimation and strategy development to mitigate the fluctuations in aerodynamic loads and power output due to wind shear and tower shadow.

关键词： wind turbine wind shear tower shadow power fluctuation power loss

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Assessment of wind energy potential in Gaza Strip

Juma Yousuf ALAYDI

《能源前沿（英文）》 2011年第5卷第3期页码 297-304 doi: 10.1007/s11708-010-0134-6

摘要： The analysis of collected wind data at two sites in the Gaza Strip, namely, Gaza City and Gaza International Airport in Rafah city, is presented. The two sites are candidates for remote area wind energy applications. The purpose of this paper is to present the results of the assessment of wind energy potential in the Gaza Strip in order to evaluate the wind regimes for installing wind energy conversion systems for power generation. The data on wind speed, direction and frequency distribution are used to analyze wind energy characteristics and availability at some stations in the Gaza Strip. The vertical extrapolation was based on the power-law expression, and the wind energy and potential have been estimated at the wind turbine hub height of approximately 50 m. Furthermore, the values of the Weibull parameters and are determined from summary statistics of wind resource. Consequently, the wind power is estimated by adoption of the Weibull distribution expression. Based on the results of this paper, sites are recommended for wind energy exploitation in the Gaza Strip.

关键词： wind data wind resource assessment wind power density wind energy the Weibull distribution and Weibull parameters

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Quality and efficiency improvement technology for five megawatt offshore wind turbines and its application

Huali HAN

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2020年第7卷第4期页码 618-621 doi: 10.1007/s42524-020-0142-0

关键词： renewable energy megawatt offshore wind turbine technology-driven quality improvement

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Simulation of steel beam under ceiling jet based on a wind–fire–structure coupling model

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2023年第17卷第1期页码 78-98 doi: 10.1007/s11709-022-0936-8

摘要： For localized fires, it is necessary to consider the thermal and mechanical responses of building elements subject to uneven heating under the influence of wind. In this paper, the thermomechanical phenomena experienced by a ceiling jet and I-beam in a structural fire were simulated. Instead of applying the concept of adiabatic surface temperature (AST) to achieve fluid–structure coupling, this paper proposes a new computational fluid dynamics–finite element method numerical simulation that combines wind, fire, thermal, and structural analyses. First, to analyze the velocity and temperature distributions, the results of the numerical model and experiment were compared in windless conditions, showing good agreement. Vortices were found in the local area formed by the upper and lower flanges of the I-beam and the web, generating a local high-temperature zone and enhancing the heat transfer of convection. In an incoming-flow scenario, the flame was blown askew significantly; the wall temperature was bimodally distributed in the axial direction. The first temperature peak was mainly caused by radiative heat transfer, while the second resulted from convective heat transfer. In terms of mechanical response, the yield strength degradation in the highest-temperature region in windless conditions was found to be significant, thus explaining the stress distribution of steel beams in the fire field. The mechanical response of the overall elements considering the incoming flows was essentially elastic.

关键词： CFD–FEM coupling steel beam wind ceiling jet numerical heat transfer

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Evaluation of the wind energy potential of two south west sites in Nigeria

Olaleye M. AMOO

《能源前沿（英文）》 2012年第6卷第3期页码 237-246 doi: 10.1007/s11708-012-0201-2

摘要： Wind resource assessment is a crucial first step in gauging the potential of a site to produce energy from wind turbines. In this paper, the wind energy potential of Abeokuta (07°03'N, 03°19'E) and Ijebu-Ode (06°47'N, 03°58'E), two south west sites in Nigeria were examined. Twenty years (1990–2010) of monthly mean wind data from a 10 m height were subjected to two-parameter Weibull analysis and other statistical analyses. The results show that the average annual mean wind speed variation for Abeokuta ranges from 2.2 to 5.0 m/s. For Ijebu-Ode, it ranges from 2.0 to 5.0 m/s. The wind power density variation based on the Weibull analysis ranges from 4.26 to 24.51 W/m for Abeokuta and from 8.54 to 76.46 W/m for Ijebu-Ode. Ijebu-Ode was found to be the better of the two sites in terms of annual variation of mean wind speed.

关键词： wind potential wind speed wind power density wind gust turbulence intensity Nigeria

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Condition monitoring of a wind turbine generator using a standalone wind turbine emulator

Himani,Ratna DAHIYA

《能源前沿（英文）》 2016年第10卷第3期页码 286-297 doi: 10.1007/s11708-016-0419-5

摘要： The intend of this paper is to give a description of the realization of a low-cost wind turbine emulator(WTE) with open source technology from graze required for the condition monitoring to diagnose rotor and stator faults in a wind turbine generator (WTG). The WTE comprises of a 2.5 kW DC motor coupled with a 1 kW squirrel-cage induction machine. This paper provides a detailed overview of the hardware and software used along with the WTE control strategies such as MPPT and pitch control. The emulator reproduces dynamic characteristics both under step variations and arbitrary variation in the wind speed of a typical wind turbine (WT) of a wind energy conversion system (WECS). The usefulness of the setup has been benchmarked with previously verified WT test rigs made at the University of Manchester and Durham University in UK. Considering the fact that the rotor blades and electric subassemblies direct drive WTs are most susceptible to damage in practice, generator winding faults and rotor unbalance have been introduced and investigated using the terminal voltage and generated current. This wind turbine emulator (WTE) can be reconfigured or analyzed for condition monitoring without the need for real WTs.

关键词： condition monitoring (CM) wind turbine emulator (WTE) wind turbine generator (WTG) maximum power point tracking (MPPT) tip speed ratio (TSR) rotor faults stator faults

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Optimization design of spar cap layup for wind turbine blade

Jie ZHU, Xin CAI, Pan PAN, Rongrong GU

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2012年第6卷第1期页码 53-56 doi: 10.1007/s11709-012-0147-9

摘要： Based on the aerodynamic shape and structural form of the blade are fixed, a mathematical model of optimization design for wind turbine blade is established. The model is pursued with respect to minimum the blade mass to reduce the cost of wind turbine production. The material layup numbers of the spar cap are chosen as the design variables; while the demands of strength, stiffness and stability of the blade are employed as the constraint conditions. The optimization design for a 1.5 MW wind turbine blade is carried out by combing above objective and constraint conditions at the action of ultimate flapwise loads with the finite element software ANSYS. Compared with the original design, the optimization design result achieves a reduction of 7.2% of the blade mass, the stress and strain distribution of the blade is more reasonable, and there is no occurrence of resonance, therefore its effectiveness is verified.

关键词： wind turbine blade spar cap layup optimization design blade mass

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Investigation on available wind energy at Tungku beach

M. G. YAZDANI, M. A. SALAM

《能源前沿（英文）》 2012年第6卷第3期页码 275-279 doi: 10.1007/s11708-012-0194-x

摘要： In this paper, wind velocities and directions (sea and land) are recorded in different days and times. The data collected were compared with the weather data from the Brunei Darussalam Meteorological Service (BDMS) and the findings of other researchers and were found to be in good agreement. The potential of wind energy is predicted from the available data collected. The average generated power (forenoon and afternoon) is found to be 25 (mean) and 18 W (median), 101 (mean) and 73 W (median), 912 (mean) and 660 W (median), 10137 (mean) and 7331 W (median) for a rotor with a diameter of 2.5, 5, 15 and 50 m, respectively. The power density for wind farming is found to be 0.26 (mean) and 0.19 (median), 0.31 (mean) and 0.22 (median) for the rotor whose diameter is 2.5 and 50 m, respectively, while the average values are found to be 0.28 (mean) and 0.2 (median) for the rotor whose diameter is 5 and 15 m.

关键词： wind velocity temperature tower height power density Raleigh distribution electrical power